CBSE Class 9 Economics Chapter 4 Food security in India
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HOTS, Important terms and key points of the chapter 4 Food security in India
1) Buffer Stock-
Stock of food-grains, mainly wheat and rice, procured by the government through Food Corporation of India (FCI). The main function of the FCI is to purchase wheat and rice from the farmers.
2) Chronic Hunger-
Consequence of persistent inadequate diets in terms of quantity and/or quality.
3) Famine-
Widespread deaths due to starvation and epidemics caused by forced use of contaminated water or decaying food and loss of body resistance due to weakening from starvation. In other words, Famine is a situation wherein there is a severe shortage of food due to crop failure which results in large scale starvation and death.
4) Food Security-
Availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all people at all times. Food security can be defined as the availability of food to all people with easy access and at affordable prices all the time. The three dimensions of food security are:
(i) Availability of food (ii) Accessibility of food (iii) Affordability of food.
5) Green Revolution-
A large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved using high-yield crop varieties, modern equipment, artificial fertilisers, pesticides, etc. Wheat and Rice are related to Green Revolution.
6) FCI (Food Corporation of India)
The main functions of the FCI: (i)The Food Cooperation of India (FCI) purchases wheat and rice from regions of surplus produce (ii) It also builds the buffer stock
7) The 'World Food Summit' held in 1995.
8) PDS (Public Distribution System) was launched in 1992. In June 1997, the Government of India launched the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)with focus on the poor.
9) "Food for Work Programme" introduced in 1977-78.
10) Institution was set up by the Academy of Development Science (ADS) in Maharashtra to facilitate a network of NGOs in different regions- Grain Bank
11) The most devastating famine occurred in India-Famine of Bengal in 1943.
12) State does Prof. Amartya Sen belong to-West Bengal
13) ICDS Integrated Child Development Services was launched in 2 October 1975.
14) A payment that a government makes to a producer to supplement the market price of a commodity is known as Subsidy
15) Amul belongs to Gujarat.
16) The foodgrain stock with the government was maximum in July, 2002.
17) In 1968, Indira Gandhi officially recorded the impressive stride of the Green Revolution in agriculture by releasing a special stamp entitled Wheat Revolution
18) NFWP-
National Food for Work Programme was launched on November 14, 2004 in 150 of the most backward districts of India. Its objective was to intensify the generation of supplementary wage employment
Important questions from the chapter Food security in India
Q1. Who are food insecure?
A large section of people suffers from food and nutrition insecurity in India. However, the worst affected groups are landless people having little or no land to earn livelihood. This includes artisans, traditional service providers, petty self-employed workers and the impoverished. In the urban areas, the families of those members doing ill-paid jobs and casual labour market are food insecure.
Q2. What is Public Distribution System (PDS)?
PDS (Public Distribution System) was launched in 1992. Public Distribution System (PDS) is a governmental scheme through which more than 4.6 lakhs ration shops all over the country have been established by the government for distributing foodgrains and other essential goods to the poor people at rates lower than the market prices
NCERT Solution of exercise of Chapter 4 Food security in India
Q1. How is food security ensured in India?
Ans. In India, food security is ensured by following ways-
(1) Buffer Stock-
In cases of scarcity of food, these food grains are distributed in the affected areas, among the underprivileged sections of the society at lower prices. This also resolves the problem of food scarcity during unfavourable weather conditions.
(2) Public Distribution System-
The food bought by the FCI is disseminated through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called the Public Distribution System (PDS).
Q2. Which are the people more prone to food insecurity?
Following people more prone to food insecurity.
i) The Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and some sections of the OBC's who either have low land-base or poor land productivity face food insecurity.
ii) The groups that have lost their ability to earn or produced due to natural disasters and who migrate from one place to another in search of livelihood are also among the most food insecure people.
iii) A large proportion of food insecure population constitutes of pregnant and nursing mothers and children under the age of 5 years.
Q3. Which states are more food insecure in India?
States which are more food insecure in India are eastern and south-eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
Q4. Do you believe that green revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How?
Yes, Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in foodgrains in the following ways:
(1) Increase in Production-
Green Revolution has increased the production of various crops manifold. The production of foodgrains was just 7.23 million tonnes in 1964-65, which has increased to 218 million tonnes in 2009-10.
(2) Control over Imports-
After Independence, India was dependent on other countries for its foodgrain requirements. But now, our imports of foodgrains are negligible.
(3) Overflowing Buffer Stocks-
The minimum buffer norms for FCI are 24.3 million tonnes. However, after the success of green revolution, the stock is much more than the minimum norms.
Q.5. A section of people in India are still without food. Explain.
A large section of people suffers from food and nutrition insecurity in India.
i) Food insecurity especially affects those groups that have lost their ability to earn or produced due to natural disasters and who migrate from one place to another in search of livelihood.
ii) Women in rural areas suffer the most due to malnutrition.
iii) A large proportion of food insecure population constitutes of pregnant and nursing mothers and children under the age of 5 years.
iv) The worst affected groups are landless people having little or no land to earn livelihood. This includes artisans, traditional service providers, petty self-employed workers and the impoverished.
v) In the urban areas, the families of those members doing ill-paid jobs and casual labour market are food insecure.
Q.6. What happens to the supply of food when there is a disaster or a calamity?
When a disaster or natural calamity such as earthquake, drought, flood, tsunami, etc., occurs or when due to unfavourable weather conditions, there is a widespread failure of crops, the food supply becomes scarce Due to this scarcity of food, the price of food-grains rises due to which malpractices such as black marketing takes place. This results in the inability of food to reach the needy. At times, when such scarcity persists for a longer period, it may lead to starvation.
Q7. Differentiate between seasonal hunger and chronic hunger?
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Seasonal Hunger |
Chronic Hunger |
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(i) It is in accordance to the cycles of food growing as well as harvesting. |
When an individual's diet is constantly insufficient with reference to quantity or quality, it results in chronic hunger. |
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(ii) Due to the seasonal nature of agriculture activities and casual labour, its prevalence is more in rural and urban areas respectively. |
Due to the low level of income of the poor, they mostly suffer from chronic hunger.
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(iii) When an individual is not able to obtain employment for the whole year, it leads to seasonal hunger occurs. |
Such hunger is faced when an individual in not able to buy food for himself/herself.
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Q8. What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes launched by the government?
To provide food security to the poor, the government of India has designed the food security system. This system consists of two components- i) buffer stock and ii) public distribution system.
The government has also launched various programmes to alleviate poverty in the country some of these programmes are the Mid-Day Meal Scheme and food for work.
Q.9. Why is a buffer stock created by the government?
Buffer stock is created by the government due to the following reasons:
(i) Ensure Food Security-
Buffer stocks are created by the government to ensure food security. The main aim of the buffer stock is to distribute the food-grains in areas facing shortage of food and among the poor section of the society at low prices.
(ii) Overcome Calamity or Disaster-
Another objective of the buffer stock is removing the problem of food scarcity at the time of a calamity or unfavourable weather conditions.
(iii) Provide Uninterrupted Supply of Foodgrains-
For the purpose of providing uninterrupted food-grains supply throughout the year, it is necessary to maintain buffer stock.
(iv) Save Farmers from Fluctuations in the Market-
Fluctuations in market prices create a situation of uncertainty among the farmers. Through buffer stocks, a pre-announced price for the crops is paid to the farmers.
Q.10. Write notes on: (i) Minimum support Price (ii) Buffer Stock (iii) Issue Price (iv) Fair Price Shops
(i) Minimum Support Price-MSP
Wheat and rice are bought from the farmers at pre-announced prices by the FCI. Such price is called Minimum Support Price or MSP.
(ii) Buffer Stock-
It is the stock of food-grains obtained through the FCI, mainly wheat and rice by the government.
(iii) Issue Price-
The price, lower than the market price, at which the food-grains are distributed in the areas facing shortage and among the poor section of the society is known as Issue Price.
(iv) Fair Price Shops-
Fair price shops are the ration shops that stock food-grains, sugar and kerosene oil and sell the same on prices lower than the market price.
Q11. What are the problems of the functioning of ration shops?
i) Ration shops dealers are often found resorting to malpractices, such as selling poor quality grains.
ii) They also open their shops at irregular timings and divert their grains to open market to earn better gains.
iii) The unsold stock of ration shops often end up being piled up with the FCI.
iv) Lastly, with the introduction of TPDS (Targeted Public Distribution System), families above the poverty line get very little discount at the ration shops. Thus, they have to buy foodgrain from open markets.
Q12. Write a note on the role of cooperative in providing food and related items.
The cooperatives are playing a significant role in ensuring food security in India
(i) Cooperatives run almost 94 per cent of all fair price shops in Tamil Nadu.
(ii) In Delhi, Mother Dairy is taking steps for providing milk as well as vegetables to the consumers at rates set by the Government of Delhi.
(iii) In Gujarat, Amul has started the White Revolution in India by bringing forward milk and milk products.
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